Study links fast-food TV ads to childhood obesity

	Shin-Yi Chou co-authored the study linking fast-food TV advertising and childhood obesity.

A ban on fast-food advertisements in the United States could reduce the number of overweight children by as much as 18 percent, according to a new study co-authored by Shin-Yi Chou, the Frank L. Magee Distinguished Professor at Lehigh’s College of Business and Economics.
The study, which is being published this month in the Journal of Law and Economics, also reports that eliminating the tax deductibility associated with television advertising would result in a reduction of childhood obesity, though in smaller numbers.
The study was conducted for the National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER) by Chou and fellow economists Inas Rashad of Georgia State University and Michael Grossman of City University of New York Graduate Center. Each of the co-authors is an economist with NBER.
Funded by the National Institutes of Health, the study measured the number of hours of fast-food television advertising messages viewed by children on a weekly basis.
Serious policy discussion needed
Chou and her colleagues found that a ban on fast-food television advertisements during children’s programming would reduce the number of overweight children ages 3-11 by 18 percent, while also lowering the number of overweight adolescents ages 12-18 by 14 percent.
The effect is more pronounced for males than females.
Though a ban would be effective, the authors also question whether such a high degree of government involvement—and the costs of implementing such policies—is a practical option.
Should the U.S. pursue that path, they would follow Sweden, Norway and Finland as the only countries to have banned commercial sponsorship of children’s programs.
“We have known for some time that childhood obesity has gripped our culture, but little empirical research has been done that identifies television advertising as a possible cause,” Chou says. “Hopefully, this line of research can lead to a serious discussion about the type of policies that can curb America’s obesity epidemic.”
The study also found that the elimination of tax deductibility tied to advertising would similarly produce declines in childhood obesity, albeit at a smaller rate of 5-7 percent. Advertising is considered a business expense and, as such, it can be used to reduce a company’s taxable income. The authors deduce that, since the corporate income tax rate is 35 percent, the elimination of the tax deductibility of food advertising costs would be equivalent to increasing the price of advertising by 54 percent.
Such an action would consequently result in the reduction of fast-food advertising messages by 40 percent for children, and 33 percent for adolescents.
A major health epidemic
The study—the largest of its kind to directly tie childhood obesity to fast-food advertising on American television—is based on the viewing habits of nearly 13,000 children using data from the 1979 Child-Young Adult National Longitudinal Survey of Youth and the 1997 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, both issued by the U.S. Department of Labor.
A 2006 report issued by the Institute of Medicine indicated there is compelling evidence linking food advertising on television and increased childhood obesity.
“Some members of the committee that wrote the report recommended congressional regulation of television food advertisements aimed at children, but the report also said that the final link that would definitively prove that children had become fatter by watching food commercials aimed at them cannot be made,” Grossman says. “Our study provides evidence of that link.”
Within one generation, childhood obesity has become a major health epidemic in the United States. The Centers for Disease Control estimate that, between 1970 and 1999, the percentage of overweight children ages 6-11 more than tripled to 13 percent. Adolescents between the ages of 12 and 19 also saw a significant increase in obesity, reaching 14 percent.
An overweight child or adolescent—commonly referred to as childhood obesity—is defined as one having a Body Mass Index (BMI) at or above the 95th percentile based on age- and gender-specific growth charts. Research indicates that there is an 80 percent chance an overweight adolescent will be an obese adult and that more than 300,000 deaths can be attributed to obesity and weight in the United States every year.
--Tom Yencho